Total knee replacement surgery is a widely performed procedure that replaces a damaged or diseased knee joint with an artificial implant. It is often recommended when severe arthritis, injury or long-term wear makes daily activities difficult and painful.
Let’s explore what total knee replacement surgery involves, how to prepare, what happens during the procedure, and what recovery looks like, so patients know what to expect at each stage.
Understanding Total Knee Replacement Surgery
Total knee replacement surgery, also known as knee arthroplasty, or knee resurfacing is designed to relieve pain, improve mobility and restore quality of life. During the procedure, damaged bone and cartilage are removed and replaced with prosthetic components made of metal and plastic.
The surgery typically takes 1–2 hours and may be performed under general or spinal or epidural anaesthesia. With a high success rate, this surgery has become one of the most common and effective treatments for serious knee concerns.
Before Surgery: How to Prepare
Consultation and Preparation
Your orthopaedic surgeon will carry out a full evaluation. This may include X-rays, bloodwork, and ECG tests to assess your knee and overall health.
Medication Review
It is important to inform your doctor about all medications and supplements you are taking. Blood thinners or anti-inflammatory drugs may need to be adjusted or stopped before surgery.
Fasting Instructions
Most patients are advised not to eat or drink anything after midnight before surgery. This fasting helps reduce risks during anaesthesia.
Preparing Your Home
Organising your home in advance makes recovery safer and easier. Setting up a comfortable space on one level, arranging for easy access to essentials and acquiring aids such as a walker or raised toilet seat can be helpful for the initial recovery phase.
During Surgery: What Happens in the Operating Room
Anaesthesia Administration
An anaesthesiologist will discuss whether general anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia is most appropriate. Their role is to ensure comfort and safety during surgery.
Making the Incision
A standard incision is made on the front of the knee. In some cases, minimally invasive techniques may be used with smaller cuts.
Joint Replacement Process
Damaged cartilage and bone are carefully removed, and prosthetic components are inserted and secured to restore normal knee function. In selected cases, we use the latest techniques such as no muscle-cut surgery and kinematic alignment, which represent some of the most advanced technologies available worldwide.
Patella Reshaping
Depending on the condition of the kneecap, it may be resurfaced or replaced to ensure smooth movement.
Wound Closure
The incision is closed with stitches or staples, and a sterile dressing is applied to protect the wound.
Robotic Surgery
Robotic Surgery offers unmatched precision, smaller cuts, and faster recovery.
Also Read – Orthopedics & Joint Replacement- Say Goodbye to Joint Pain!
After Surgery: Immediate Recovery
In the Recovery Room
Patients are monitored closely for vital signs and possible anaesthesia side effects. Pain relief begins immediately.
Pain Management Strategy
Doctors may use a combination of opioids, NSAIDs or nerve blocks. The aim is to stay ahead of pain and allow early mobility.
Beginning Physical Therapy
Movement starts soon after surgery, often within 24 hours. Physiotherapists guide gentle exercises and assisted walking to prevent stiffness.
Hospital Stay Duration
Most patients remain in the hospital for 2–3 days. Discharge depends on mobility, pain control, and the ability to manage basic activities safely.
Home Recovery and Long-Term Rehabilitation
Criteria for Going Home
Patients are usually discharged once they can walk with assistance, manage pain, and perform simple daily activities independently.
Rehabilitation at Home
Recovery continues with physiotherapy, either at home or in a clinic. Mobility and strength improve gradually, with progress tracked over several weeks to months.
Potential Risks and Complications
Infection
Though rare, infections can occur. Preventive antibiotics are often given, and patients are advised to watch for redness, swelling, or discharge.
Blood Clots
Blood clots are a potential risk. Blood thinners, compression devices, and early movement are commonly used preventive measures.
Nerve Damage
In rare cases, nerve irritation or damage may occur. Reporting unusual sensations promptly helps with management.
Persistent Pain or Stiffness
Some discomfort is normal during recovery, but ongoing pain or limited motion should be discussed with the care team.
Conclusion
A successful total knee replacement surgery can significantly reduce pain and improve mobility, allowing patients to return to normal activities. Recovery is a gradual process that requires commitment to physiotherapy and following medical advice. With proper care, many patients enjoy lasting improvement in function and quality of life.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. How long is the recovery time after total knee replacement surgery?
Recovery time varies, but most patients can resume basic activities within 6–12 weeks. Full recovery, including improved strength and mobility, may take several months. The timeline depends on age, health, and commitment to rehabilitation.
2. Can I walk right after the surgery?
Most patients begin walking with assistance, such as a walker or crutches, within 24 hours after surgery. The first steps are usually supervised by a physiotherapist.
3. Is total knee replacement a permanent solution?
Modern knee implants are designed to last 15–20 years or longer. However, factors such as activity level, weight, and overall health can affect how long they remain effective.
4. Are there alternatives to knee replacement surgery?
Yes, alternatives include physiotherapy, medications, joint injections, and lifestyle changes. These options are usually considered before surgery, depending on the severity of knee damage.
5. How long does total knee replacement surgery take?
The procedure usually takes 1–2 hours. Additional time is needed for preparation, anaesthesia, and recovery monitoring in the hospital.
6. Is total knee replacement surgery painful?
Pain is expected after surgery, but it is managed with medications and therapies. Pain typically decreases as recovery progresses. Patients are encouraged to follow their care team’s pain management plan.
7. Will I need physical therapy after surgery?
Yes, physical therapy is an essential part of recovery. It helps improve mobility, strengthen muscles, and ensure long-term success of the surgery.
Medically Reviewed by — Dr. Vibhore Singhal (Director – Joint Replacement, Robotics & Orthopaedics)
