Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the colon (large intestine) or rectum (the final part of the digestive tract). It usually begins as small, noncancerous growths called polyps, which can turn into cancer over time if not detected and treated early.
Who is at High Risk of Colon Cancer?
Certain factors increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer, including:
- Age 45 years and above
- Family history of colorectal cancer or polyps
- Inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
- A diet high in fat and low in fibre
- Sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity
- Smoking and alcohol consumption
- Diets high in processed/red meat and low in fibre
Types of Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer can appear in several forms, each originating from different cell types within the colon or rectum. Understanding these types is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.
- Adenocarcinomas – The most common form of colorectal cancer, arising from the glandular cells lining the colon or rectum. These cells typically produce mucus to lubricate the intestines, but in adenocarcinomas, they grow uncontrollably and form malignant tumours.
- Carcinoid Tumours – Slow-growing cancers that develop from hormone-producing (enterochromaffin) cells in the intestinal lining. While often less aggressive, they can produce hormones causing systemic symptoms in some cases.
- Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs) – Rare tumours originating in the connective tissue of the colon wall. GISTs may vary in aggressiveness and often require specialised treatment approaches.
- Lymphomas – Cancers of the lymphatic system occurring within the colon or rectum. These arise from immune system cells and can affect local tissues as well as spread to lymph nodes or other organs.
- Sarcomas – Sporadic malignancies that develop from the muscle or connective tissue of the colon or rectum. They tend to be aggressive and require early detection for effective management.
Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer often develops silently in its early stages, but certain symptoms can act as warning signs. Recognising these symptoms at the right time plays a crucial role in early detection and timely treatment.
- Persistent changes in bowel habits (diarrhoea, constipation, or narrowing of stool)
- Blood in stool or rectal bleeding
- Unexplained weight loss
- Persistent fatigue and weakness
- Abdominal pain or cramping
- Feeling of incomplete bowel emptying
Causes of Colorectal Cancer
The development of colorectal cancer is influenced by a mix of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Understanding these causes of colorectal cancer helps identify individuals at risk and implement preventive strategies.
- Genetic mutations (inherited or acquired)
- Polyps that progress into cancer if left untreated
- Diets high in processed/red meat, low in fibre, and excessive alcohol
- Environmental factors combined with genetic predisposition
Diagnosis / Tests for Colorectal Cancer
At Venkateshwar Hospitals, advanced diagnostic methods are used to ensure precise detection and staging of colorectal cancer. These tests not only confirm the presence of cancer but also guide the most effective treatment approach.
Accurate diagnosis and staging are essential for effective colorectal cancer treatment. Venkateshwar Hospitals employs a combination of advanced diagnostic tools:
- Screening (Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy): These procedures enable doctors to visually inspect the inside of the colon and rectum using a flexible tube equipped with a camera. They can detect abnormal growths, inflammation, or polyps, and polyps can often be removed during the same procedure, preventing potential progression to cancer. Colonoscopy examines the entire colon, whereas sigmoidoscopy focuses on the lower part of the colon and rectum.
- Imaging (CT scan, MRI): Imaging tests provide detailed pictures of the colon, rectum, and surrounding organs. They help determine the size, location, and extent of the tumour, assess whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other organs, and assist in treatment planning. PET scans are reserved for selected cases, particularly when metastatic disease is suspected.
- Lab tests (Faecal Immunochemical Test [FIT], Stool DNA tests): FIT checks for hidden blood in stool and is widely used for screening in India, whereas stool DNA tests detect abnormalities.
- Biopsy: A small tissue sample is taken from the suspicious area during colonoscopy or surgery. Examining the tissue under a microscope confirms the presence of cancer, identifies the type of colorectal cancer, and helps guide treatment decisions.
- Genetic testing: Recommended for patients with a strong family history of colorectal cancer. This can identify inherited syndromes such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), which increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer and help in planning early surveillance or preventive strategies.
Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Managing colorectal cancer requires a combination of advanced medical treatments and supportive care. The type of treatment recommended depends on the stage, location of the tumour, and the overall health of the patient. At Venkateshwar Hospitals in Delhi, therapies are planned by a multidisciplinary team to ensure the best possible outcomes for each individual.
1. Surgery
Surgery is often the first line of treatment for colorectal cancer, particularly when the tumour is localised.
- Tumour removal: The cancerous section of the colon or rectum is surgically removed, along with surrounding healthy tissue to prevent recurrence.
- Minimally invasive and robotic surgery: At Venkateshwar, advanced techniques such as laparoscopic and robotic surgery allow for faster recovery, reduced pain, and smaller incisions.
2. Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to target and destroy cancer cells.
- Application in rectal cancer: It is frequently used in rectal cancer cases, especially before or after surgery, to shrink tumours or prevent recurrence.
- Use in advanced cases: It may also be applied when surgery is not an option, helping to control symptoms and improve quality of life.
3. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment that uses drugs to attack cancer cells throughout the body.
- Role in treatment: It may be used before surgery (to shrink tumors), after surgery (to reduce the risk of recurrence), or in advanced cancer cases.
- Combination therapy: Chemotherapy is often combined with radiation or targeted therapy for better results.
4. Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapy utilises medications that selectively block the growth and survival pathways of cancer cells.
- Precision approach: These drugs target only cancer cells while sparing most normal cells, resulting in fewer side effects compared to chemotherapy.
- Usage: Typically recommended for patients with specific genetic mutations or advanced cancers.
5. Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy helps the body’s immune system recognise and fight cancer cells.
- Boosting immunity: It strengthens the natural defence system to attack cancer cells more effectively.
- Selective use: Immunotherapy is mainly used in patients with advanced colorectal cancers that carry specific genetic markers, such as MSI-high tumours.
At Venkateshwar Hospitals in Delhi, colorectal cancer care is provided through a multidisciplinary team of oncologists, colorectal surgeons, gastroenterologists, radiologists, and nutritionists. This approach ensures comprehensive and personalised treatment, addressing both medical needs and overall well-being.
Complications of Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer and its treatments can lead to several complications that affect both short-term health and long-term quality of life. Some complications arise directly from the disease itself, while others are a result of therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Recognising these potential issues helps in planning timely interventions and providing supportive care for patients.
- Bowel obstruction
- Bleeding and anaemia
- Metastasis (spread to liver, lungs, or other organs)
- Recurrence after treatment
- Side effects of treatment, such as nausea, fatigue, and infections
Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Steps to lower your risk include:
- Regular screening after age 45–50
- High-fibre, low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight
- Avoiding smoking and alcohol
- Managing diabetes and obesity with medical guidance
Why Choose Venkateshwar Hospitals for Colorectal Cancer in Delhi, India?
- Experienced team of oncologists, gastroenterologists, and colorectal surgeons
- Advanced diagnostic and imaging facilities for early detection
- Minimally invasive and robotic surgery options for faster recovery
- Comprehensive cancer care covering screening, treatment, and rehabilitation
- Personalised treatment plans with a holistic care approach
- NABH-accredited hospital ensuring international standards of quality and safety
Outlook
The outlook for colorectal cancer has improved significantly with advances in early detection and treatment. When diagnosed at an early stage, survival rates are considerably higher, and timely interventions can prevent disease progression. Modern treatment options, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies, enable patients to live longer while maintaining a better quality of life. Additionally, regular follow-ups, screenings, and adopting healthy lifestyle modifications help reduce the risk of recurrence and support overall well-being. Early awareness and ongoing care are key to achieving the best possible outcomes for patients.
